MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATURE
2005 Regular Session
To: Public Health and Human Services
By: Representative Wells-Smith, Fillingane
AN ACT ENTITLED THE HUMAN CLONING PROHIBITION ACT; TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS; TO MAKE IT UNLAWFUL FOR ANY PERSON OR ENTITY TO PERFORM, ATTEMPT TO PERFORM, PARTICIPATE IN OR TRANSFER OR RECEIVE THE PRODUCT OF HUMAN CLONING; TO PROVIDE CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS ACT; TO AMEND SECTION 73-25-29, MISSISSIPPI CODE OF 1972, TO INCLUDE ANY VIOLATION OF THE HUMAN CLONING ACT AS UNPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND GROUNDS FOR LICENSURE SUSPENSION, REVOCATION OR NONRENEWAL FOR LICENSED PHYSICIANS; AND FOR RELATED PURPOSES.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI:
SECTION 1. This act may be known and cited as the "Human Cloning Prohibition Act."
SECTION 2. (1) The Legislature of the State of Mississippi finds that:
(a) At least one (1) company has announced that they have successfully cloned a human being at the early embryonic stage of life, and others have announced that they will attempt to clone a human being using the technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer;
(b) Efforts to create human beings by cloning mark a new and decisive step toward turning human reproduction into a manufacturing process in which human beings are made in laboratories to preordained specifications and, potentially, in multiple copies;
(c) Creating cloned live-born human children, "cloning-to-produce-children," begins by creating cloned human beings at the embryonic stage of life, a process which some also propose as a way of creating human embryos for destructive research as sources of stem cells and tissues for possible treatment of other humans, "cloning-for-biomedical-research";
(d) Many scientists agree that attempts at "cloning-to-produce-children" pose a massive risk of either producing children who are stillborn, unhealthy or severely disabled, and that attempts "cloning-for-biomedical-research" always results in the destruction of human beings at the embryonic stage of life when their stem cells are harvested;
(e) The prospect of creating new human life solely to be exploited ("cloning-to-produce-children") or destroyed ("cloning-for-biomedical research") in these ways have been condemned on moral grounds by many as displaying a profound disrespect for life;
(f) The distinction between "therapeutic" and "reproductive" cloning is a false distinction scientifically because both begin with the reproduction of a human being at the embryonic stage of life, one destined for implantation in a womb, one destined for destructive farming of its stem cells. Regardless of its ultimate destiny, all human embryos are simultaneously human beings;
(g) It will be nearly impossible to ban only attempts at "cloning-to-produce-children" if "cloning-for-biomedical-research" is allowed because:
(i) Cloning would take place within the privacy of a doctor-patient relationship;
(ii) The implantation of embryos to begin a pregnancy is a simple procedure; and
(iii) Any governmental effort to prevent the implantation of an existing cloned embryo, or to prevent birth once implantation has occurred would raise substantial moral, legal and practical issues.
(2) Based on the above findings, it is the purpose of this act to prohibit the use of cloning technology to initiate the development of new human beings at the embryonic stage of life for any purpose.
SECTION 3. For purposes of this act:
(a) "Human cloning" means human asexual reproduction, accomplished by introducing the genetic material of a human somatic cell into an oocyte whose nucleus has been removed or inactivated, to produce a living organism with a human or predominantly human genetic constitution.
(b) "Somatic cell" means a cell having a complete set of chromosomes obtained from a living or deceased human body at any state of development.
(c) "Oocyte" means the human female germ cell (the egg).
(d) "Embryo" means an organism of the species homo sapiens from the single cell stage to eight (8) weeks' development.
(e) "Fetus" means an organism of the species homo sapiens from eight (8) weeks' development until complete expulsion or extraction from a woman's body, or removal from an artificial womb or other similar environment designed to nurture the development of such organism.
SECTION 4. It shall be unlawful for any person or entity, public or private, to intentionally or knowingly:
(a) Perform, or attempt to perform, human cloning;
(b) Participate in an attempt to perform human cloning;
(c) Transfer or receive the product of human cloning for any purpose; or
(d) Transfer or receive, in whole or in part, any oocyte, embryo, fetus or human somatic cell for the purpose of human cloning.
SECTION 5. Nothing in this act shall restrict areas of scientific research not specifically prohibited by this act, including in vitro fertilization, the administration of fertility enhancing drugs, research in the use of nuclear transfer or other cloning techniques to produce molecules, DNA, tissues, organs, plants or animals other than humans or cells other than human embryos.
SECTION 6. (1) Criminal penalties:
(a) Any person or entity that violates Section 3(a) or 3(b) of this act shall be guilty of a felony, punishable upon conviction, by a fine of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00) and/or imprisonment for not more than five (5) years in the State Penitentiary.
(b) Any person or entity that violates Section 3(c) or 3(d) of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable upon conviction thereof, for a fine of not more than One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) and/or imprisonment for not more than one (1) year.
(2) Civil penalty. Any person or entity that violates any provision of this act and derives a pecuniary gain from such violation shall be fined Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00) or twice the amount of gross gain, or any amount intermediate between the foregoing, at the discretion of the court.
(3) Trade, occupation or profession. Any violation of this act may be the basis (1) for denying an application for, (2) for denying an application for the renewal of, or (3) revoking any license, permit, certificate, or any other form of permission required to practice or engage in a trade, occupation or profession.
SECTION 7. Section 73-25-29, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows:
73-25-29. The grounds for the nonissuance, suspension, revocation or restriction of a license or the denial of reinstatement or renewal of a license are:
(1) Habitual personal use of narcotic drugs, or any other drug having addiction-forming or addiction-sustaining liability.
(2) Habitual use of intoxicating liquors, or any beverage, to an extent which affects professional competency.
(3) Administering, dispensing or prescribing any narcotic drug, or any other drug having addiction-forming or addiction-sustaining liability otherwise than in the course of legitimate professional practice.
(4) Conviction of violation of any federal or state law regulating the possession, distribution or use of any narcotic drug or any drug considered a controlled substance under state or federal law, a certified copy of the conviction order or judgment rendered by the trial court being prima facie evidence thereof, notwithstanding the pendency of any appeal.
(5) Procuring, or attempting to procure, or aiding in, an abortion that is not medically indicated.
(6) Conviction of a felony or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, a certified copy of the conviction order or judgment rendered by the trial court being prima facie evidence thereof, notwithstanding the pendency of any appeal.
(7) Obtaining or attempting to obtain a license by fraud or deception.
(8) Unprofessional conduct, which includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Practicing medicine under a false or assumed name or impersonating another practitioner, living or dead.
(b) Knowingly performing any act which in any way assists an unlicensed person to practice medicine.
(c) Making or willfully causing to be made any flamboyant claims concerning the licensee's professional excellence.
(d) Being guilty of any dishonorable or unethical conduct likely to deceive, defraud or harm the public.
(e) Obtaining a fee as personal compensation or gain from a person on fraudulent representation, a disease or injury condition generally considered incurable by competent medical authority in the light of current scientific knowledge and practice can be cured or offering, undertaking, attempting or agreeing to cure or treat the same by a secret method, which he refuses to divulge to the board upon request.
(f) Use of any false, fraudulent or forged statement or document, or the use of any fraudulent, deceitful, dishonest or immoral practice in connection with any of the licensing requirements, including the signing in his professional capacity any certificate that is known to be false at the time he makes or signs such certificate.
(g) Failing to identify a physician's school of practice in all professional uses of his name by use of his earned degree or a description of his school of practice.
(h) Any violation of the Human Cloning Prohibition Act, Sections 1 through 6 of House Bill No. 1353, 2005 Regular Session.
(9) The refusal of a licensing authority of another state or jurisdiction to issue or renew a license, permit or certificate to practice medicine in that jurisdiction or the revocation, suspension or other restriction imposed on a license, permit or certificate issued by such licensing authority which prevents or restricts practice in that jurisdiction, a certified copy of the disciplinary order or action taken by the other state or jurisdiction being prima facie evidence thereof, notwithstanding the pendency of any appeal.
(10) Surrender of a license or authorization to practice medicine in another state or jurisdiction or surrender of membership on any medical staff or in any medical or professional association or society while under disciplinary investigation by any of those authorities or bodies for acts or conduct similar to acts or conduct which would constitute grounds for action as defined in this section.
(11) Final sanctions imposed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General or any successor federal agency or office, based upon a finding of incompetency, gross misconduct or failure to meet professionally recognized standards of health care; a certified copy of the notice of final sanction being prima facie evidence thereof. As used in this paragraph, the term "final sanction" means the written notice to a physician from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Officer of Inspector General or any successor federal agency or office, which implements the exclusion.
(12) Failure to furnish the board, its investigators or representatives information legally requested by the board.
(13) Violation of any provision(s) of the Medical Practice Act or the rules and regulations of the board or of any order, stipulation or agreement with the board.
In addition to the grounds specified above, the board shall be authorized to suspend the license of any licensee for being out of compliance with an order for support, as defined in Section 93-11-153. The procedure for suspension of a license for being out of compliance with an order for support, and the procedure for the reissuance or reinstatement of a license suspended for that purpose, and the payment of any fees for the reissuance or reinstatement of a license suspended for that purpose, shall be governed by Section 93-11-157 or 93-11-163, as the case may be. If there is any conflict between any provision of Section 93-11-157 or 93-11-163 and any provision of this chapter, the provisions of Section 93-11-157 or 93-11-163, as the case may be, shall control.
SECTION 8. The provisions of this act are declared to be severable, and if any provision, word, phrase or clause of this act or the application thereof to any person shall be held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this act.
SECTION 9. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after July 1, 2005.